Con l’ordinanza n. 26634 del 14 ottobre 2024, la Corte di Cassazione, Sezione Lavoro, ha affermato che il licenziamento per superamento del periodo di comportonon rientra nella previsione di nullità stabilita dall’art. 46, D.L. n. 18/2020 (c.d. blocco” dei licenziamenti per emergenza pandemica da Covid-19) e ha, al contempo, precisato il corretto criterio di computo delle giornate di malattia per i lavoratori che operano in regime di part-time verticale.

Il caso esaminato dall’ordinanza in commento riguarda il licenziamento per superamento del periodo di comporto intimato, in data 25 novembre 2020, all’epoca della vigenza del “blocco dei licenziamenti per emergenza Covid-19, ad una lavoratrice con contratto di lavoro subordinato a tempo parziale verticale al 50%, distribuito su tre giornate.

In particolare, il licenziamento veniva irrogato a fronte dell’assenza della lavoratrice dal posto di lavoro per malattia per 113 giorni nell’arco temporale tra il 6 agosto e il 25 novembre 2020senza soluzione di continuità, come attestato dai sedici certificati medici emessi in sequenza a copertura dell’intero periodo.

Impugnato il licenziamento in sede giudiziale ritenendolo nullo in conseguenza del “blocco” imposto durante l’emergenza sanitaria, la lavoratrice risultava soccombente sia in primo che in secondo grado.

Specificamente, la Corte d’Appello di Roma – preliminarmente ritenuta, contrariamente al Tribunale, l’ammissibilità della domanda – rigettava il reclamo della lavoratrice affermando che, non potendosi applicare la previsione di nullità stabilita dall’art. 46, D.L. n. 18/2020 al licenziamento per superamento del periodo di comporto, avendo quest’ultimo natura diversa dal licenziamento per giustificato motivo oggettivo, e stante, comunque, il carattere speciale dell’art. 46, nel caso di specie il periodo di comporto era stato ampiamente superato, essendo la malattia proseguita per un periodo superiore al limite previsto dal CCNL applicato per la conservazione del posto di lavoro in caso di regime part-time di tipo verticale, pari alla metà delle giornate lavorative concordate tra le parti in un anno solare (78,5).

La lavoratrice proponeva quindi ricorso per Cassazione, censurando la decisione della Corte d’Appello per due motivi.

In primo luogo, per non avere la Corte territoriale esteso la nullità del divieto di licenziamento anche al recesso per superamento del periodo di comporto, in quanto riconducibile alla fattispecie del giustificato motivo oggettivo, per i riflessi delle assenze per malattia della lavoratrice sull’organizzazione aziendale.

In secondo luogo, per erronea individuazione del criterio di computo delle giornate di malattia in regime di part-time verticale, in violazione dei principi di proporzionalità e non discriminazione, per effetto di una riduzione della metà del numero delle giornate concordate, ma non anche del loro numero ai fini del computo delle giornate di malattia per il suo superamento.

La Corte di Cassazione ha respinto il ricorso della lavoratrice ritenendo entrambi i motivi di doglianza infondati.

In particolare, con riferimento al primo motivo, la Suprema Corte ha preliminarmente sottolineato come la natura di norma speciale dell’art. 46, D.L. n. 18/2020 (ispirato alla specifica ratio di tutela dei lavoratori dalle conseguenze negative sull’occupazione derivanti dal blocco o dalla riduzione dell’attività produttiva conseguente all’emergenza Covid-19) ne escluda l’applicabilità in via analogica.

Ad avviso della Corte, tale tesi sarebbe avvalorata anche dal fatto che, in altro recente giudizio di legittimità, la norma in esame è stata oggetto di ordinanza di rimessione alla Corte Costituzionale per contrasto con l’art. 3 Cost. Nello specifico, gli Ermellini hanno dubitato della ragionevolezza dell’art. 46 in considerazione del fatto che, pur non essendoci, ai fini del divieto, alcuna diversità tra licenziamento collettivo e licenziamento individuale, tale norma non include tra le fattispecie coperte dal “blocco” anche l’ipotesi di giustificatezza del licenziamento individuale dei dirigenti, ai quali tuttavia il divieto si applica in caso di licenziamento collettivo, creando, così, un ingiustificato difetto di simmetria sul piano della disciplina legale dei licenziamenti individuali e di quelli collettivi per i dirigenti. Se, dunque, l’applicazione analogica dell’art. 46 non è ammissibile all’interno del perimetro del licenziamento economico, a maggior ragione la nullità del divieto non può estendersi all’ipotesi di recesso per superamento del periodo di comporto che è soggetto alle regole dettate dall’art. 2110 c.c.prevalenti, per la loro specialità, sia sulla disciplina generale della risoluzione del contratto per impossibilità parziale della prestazione lavorativa, sia sulla disciplina limitativa dei licenziamenti individuali.

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In its order no. 26440 dated October 10, 2024, the Court of Cassation, Labor Section, reaffirmed the legitimacy of the dismissal imposed on an employee who had addressed a client in a rude and vulgar manner, once again underscoring the boundaries of judicial review in determining “just cause” for termination.

The judicial proceedings originated from the disciplinary dismissal of an employee assigned to the butcher counter of a supermarket, who had been accused by the employer of addressing an elderly customer with aggressive and inappropriate language.

While the court of first instance upheld the employee’s challenge to the dismissal, the Court of Appeal of Cagliari reversed this decision, confirming the legitimacy of the dismissal order.

In this case, the appellate court considered the employee’s behavior a serious breach of his contractual obligations, particularly the duty to “use courteous manners with the public and maintain a conduct consistent with civic duties,” warranting disciplinary dismissal pursuant to Article 215 of the collective bargaining agreement for employees in the Tertiary, Distribution, and Services sector, which governed the employment relationship.

The Court specifically emphasized the seriousness of the employee’s conduct, noting that the counter attendant, on that occasion, not only failed to apologize to the elderly customer but also escalated the argument with increasingly heated tones, resulting in what was described as “an undignified and somewhat concerning scene.” In assessing the appropriateness of the dismissal, the Court of Appeal also took into account the employee’s prior disciplinary record from the preceding two years. Although these prior incidents were not specifically similar, they highlighted a pattern of repeated non-compliance with company rules, rendering the continuation of the employment relationship unsustainable.

In the ruling under discussion, the Court of Cassation, by rejecting the employee’s appeal against the Cagliari Court’s decision, seized the opportunity to consolidate its stance and reaffirm certain prevailing principles concerning termination for just cause under Article 2119 of the Civil Code.

In particular, the Court of Cassation observed that “just cause,” understood as conduct that precludes even temporary continuation of the employment relationship, falls within the scope of so-called general clauses—normative provisions of limited and general content that require judicial specification in interpretation, “through consideration of both external factors relating to general societal awareness and principles implicitly referenced by the provision itself.”

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Dismissal for a justifiable objective reason is unlawful if the employer does not prove that it has offered the worker lower-level positions, even on a fixed term basis.

Before proceeding with a dismissal for a justified objective reason, the employer must demonstrate that he/she has explored all possible solutions to relocate the worker within the company.

This principle was affirmed by the Italian Court of Cassation, with order no. 18904 of 10 July 2024, thereby reinforcing employers’ repêchage obligations.

Consequently, the Court concluded that dismissal is unlawful where alternative employment positions exist at the time of termination, even in lower or fixed-term jobs, and the employer has not offered these jobs to the employee.

The Court reiterated that the burden of proving that relocation is impossible falls entirely on the employer.

Companies must therefore manage human resources carefully, documenting any attempt at relocation, to avoid a dismissal being held to be unlawful.

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By order no. 10663 of 19 April 2024, the Italian Court of Cassation stated that the employer bears the burden of proof in proving that remuneration has been properly paid.

The facts of the case

The worker filed an application for summary judgment to obtain an order against the company to pay the amount indicated in the November 2015 pay slip.

In the first instance, the first instance Court found that the payment was due to the worker.

The company appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal upheld the first instance decision, ruling that the employer had not discharged its burden of proof relating to proving in court that the sum had been paid.

The Italian Court of Cassation’s decision

The Italian Court of Cassation – confirming the Court of Appeal decision – preliminarily noted that, once the existence of an employment relationship has been ascertained, the employer is under a strict duty of proof to establish that the remuneration has been paid. The employer can do this by means of the normal documentation i.e., regulatory pay slips bearing the worker’s signature. If the employer cannot prove that it has paid the remuneration due to the employee through pay slips, it must provide appropriate documentation of the relevant payments that it has made in relation to the employee’s individual claims.

According to the Italian Court of Cassation, giving employees at the time of payment of remuneration a statement containing an indication of all the constituent elements of the remuneration does not prove payment where the worker states that it is inconsistent with the remuneration actually paid.

According to the Italian Court of Cassation, the burden falls on the worker only if he/she, after signing the pay slip, alleges that the remuneration indicated in the pay slip is inconsistent with the remuneration paid.

As the present case did not fall within the latter situation, the Italian Court of Cassation rejected the company’s appeal.

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    Conciliation agreements negotiated with the help of a union cannot be validly concluded at the company’s headquarters. This is because company headquarters do not fall within “protected locations” (sedi protette) which are neutral and guarantee, together with the assistance provided by the union representative, that the worker is free to make his or her own decisions.

    The Italian Court of Cassation affirmed this principle in order no. 10065 of 15 April 2024. This is a more restrictive interpretation than that laid down in order no. 1975 of 18 January 2024. According to the Court the locations selected by the legislator are exhaustive and do not permit substitutes, both because they are directly linked to the body responsible for conciliation and because of the aim of guaranteeing the worker a neutral environment, without employer influence.

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